THE NETHERLANDS : ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam lies in the Dutch province of Southern-Holland (Zuid-Holland) and  is the second largest city of the Netherlands and the world's largest port. Over a million people live in the region and almost 600,000 within the city boundaries. Rotterdam, the economic heart of the Netherlands, is a dynamic, diverse and interesting city. In the city, the port and the surrounding region, you will experience the international character of Rotterdam, famous modern architects have contributed to an impressive skyline. Behind the skyline there are many tourist attractions, museums an other interesting sights.

In the late 19t century Rotterdam eclipsed Amsterdam as the principal port of the Netherlands. The decisive event was the completion in 1890 of the Nieuwe Waterweg between Rotterdam and Hoek van Holland. This provided Rotterdam with a direct link to the North Sea. Previously ships had to navigate a series of difficult channels. Rotterdam rapidly transformed itself into a dynamic modern port, and the first skyscraper in the Netherlands, the 10-storey Witte Huis was erected beside the old harbour in 1898. 

During World War II much of the old port and city of Rotterdam was destroyed by bombing. A modern, planned city has since been built and the commercial and residential areas are located on both banks of the River Maas. The port was rebuilt with massive investment, to meet modern requirements. It is now the world's busiest port. The port has several natural advantages, the most important of which is the situation on the main branch of the Rhine (the Lek). The Rhine is the world's busiest river, carrying barge transport from as far away as Switzerland, France and Germany. Rotterdam is also connected to France and southern Belgium by the river Maas and with northern Belgium by the river Scheldt.

History of Rotterdam

The city of Rotterdam has been officially in existence since 1328, when count Willem III granted "city rights" for the town that had been growing around a dam in the river Rotte. (Hence the name: Rotte-dam.) Almost three decades before that (on 17 March 1299) Wolfert van Borselen, a nobleman who acted as a governor for count Jan I of Holland, had already awarded porters rights and freedom of toll to the porters of Rotterdam.
Van Borselens contributions to the founding of the city of Rotterdam stemmed mainly from political reasons: many of his political opponents had gathered in Schiedam, a city recently founded around a dam in the river Schie, by lady Aleid of Henegouwen, an aunt of count Floris V.

Initially Rotterdam was just a small, quiet fishing harbor in a bend in the Rotte. It slowly grew, but on the whole it remained a town of very little significance, especially when compared to its main competitors Delft and Dordrecht, which were much more important in trade and industry in those days. But Dordrecht suffered severe damage from the St. Elisabeth flood of 1421, while Delft failed to excavate the larger harbor it needed to support the trade, mostly as a result of internal political machinations.
Rotterdam had no such problems: its position near to deep water was much better than that of its competitors, and it had a readily accessible harbor. Trade flourished, and many goods started to pass through Rotterdam on their way to and from the ships that frequented her harbor.
In 1488, the bands of Frans van Breederoode did severe damage to the city, looting and burning large parts of Rotterdam. Fortifications were built, and he city became slightly smaller in order to become more defendable. In 1563 a large part of the city burned down completely. However, in spite of all these things trade continued and grew.
In the 1570s, during the war with Spain, Rotterdam managed to fortify its position as a port of trade, when it became one of the few ports open to the sea. Antwerp and Amsterdam were being blocked because of the war. Explosive growth followed. The city expanded, the walls around it were torn down as soon as the dangers of war diminished, and new harbors were excavated, especially during the 17th century.

In the 18th century the population of Rotterdam no longer grew significantly, but remained stationary around an estimated 50000 people. Only in the 19th century, when the port facilities were enlarged again, it started to boom once more.

Rotterdam embraced the industrial revolution of the 19th century. Steam power and mechanization boosted the capacity of the port enormously, while railroads took care of transport of the goods over land. An elevated railroad using the latest techniques for steel construction was built, and steam-powered harbor cranes speeded up the loading and unloading of ships tremendously. Means of transport and an infrastructure to handle the flow of goods from one place to another became increasingly vital. Steel bridges were built to connect both sides of the River Maas. The Nieuwe Waterweg ('New Waterway') was completed in 1872, which gave Rotterdam a direct, high-capacity connection to the North Sea. As often happens during periods of rapid expansion, older buildings were often sacrificed to make way for new ones. This process continued well into the 20th century.
The Depression of the 1930s struck hard in Rotterdam. Unemployment became commonplace and poverty led to civil unrest, which was at times violently suppressed. By the end of the 1930s, however, the port of Rotterdam was slowly recovering, though unemployment was still high and the standard of living, especially among those of the 'working class' left a lot to be desired.

Then World War II broke out.
On 10 May 1940, the German army attacked the Netherlands. Part of the German 'Blitzkrieg' strategy was an extensive bombardment on the heart of Rotterdam on 14 May. Blockbusters and firebombs laid the heard of the city to waste. Casualties were numerous. Clearing away most of the rubble took over a year. The Dutch government was forced to capitulate after only five days of war in order to prevent further bloodshed.
After five days of war five years of German occupation followed. But the damage had been done, and of all Dutch cities none suffered as greatly as Rotterdam did. The heart of the city was gone completely, most of it burned down during the firebombing in 1940 and the rest torn down because of severe structural damage and the subsequent danger of collapse.After the German capitulation in 1945, the process of rebuilding the city began. Slowly at first because building materials were in very short supply, while the demand was enormous, as Rotterdam had literally become a 'city without a heart'.

The Russian/French sculptor Ossip Zadkine, seeing the wasteland that had once been the heart of Rotterdam, was inspired to create his statue 'The Razed City' ('City without a heart') in 1946, now considered to be one of his most important works of art. It's interesting to note that Zadkine intended this statue to be placed in the center of an otherwise empty square, as a referral to the bombed-out wasteland with a single building left standing in the middle. Initially the statue was placed on such a square, but as the demand for building space increased, such room was no longer available, and nowadays the statue has no such freedom. Though this is not what Zadkine had intended, it is typical for the spirit of Rotterdam to go on, eyes firmly fixed upon the present and the future, and not to linger in the past.

The period that followed World War II has been one long construction project. Disastrous as the 1940 bombardment has been, it did provide architects with a truly unique opportunity: the chance to reconstruct the heart of a large city from scratch. And that is exactly what they did.

Especially during the 1950s and 1960s, many new buildings were constructed to fill up the empty spaces between the older buildings that had survived the war. This created a curious mix of old and new, buildings dating back to the turn of the century (or older) standing side by side with the latest architectural styles.
Some would say that the 'fever' of reconstruction has gone out of hand, since several of the buildings that were erected in the fifties have already been torn down again to make way for newer, bigger and even more modern buildings. Apart from that, the ongoing work of reconstruction has the city cluttered with building traffic more often than not, while-closed down roads and detours are common in Rotterdam. Especially in the sixties, one could work in Rotterdam for five years without being able to take the same route from home to work for more than two or three months.Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction has given Rotterdam its unique architectural character. The process of construction and improvement still continues. Though it should be mentioned that some do not consider this an improvement at all. The sad fact remains that Rotterdam as it was before 1940 is gone forever, and the post-war Rotterdam is not the same as it once was.

Nowadays Rotterdam is a vital part of the economy of the Netherlands. The Port of Rotterdam, the largest port in the world with a total throughput of about 300 million metric tons a year provides a solid base for industry in and around the Rotterdam area. Its population is about 575000, which makes it one of the largest cities in the Netherlands, but the number of people that work in the Rotterdam area or are otherwise economically dependent of it exceeds that number by far. The density of population is among the highest in the Netherlands, exceeding 4000 per square kilometer.
Shipping, storage and forwarding are of course among the most important activities in the region, but the port of Rotterdam has also created a large chemical industry, which is fully dependent upon the transport facilities for the inflow of crude oil and the shipping of the various refined end products. Large petrochemical plants have sprung up, especially on the south bank of the Maas. These plants are in operation 24 hours a day.
The development of Europoort ('Euro gate') started in 1957. A large complex of ports and industrial areas was created between Rotterdam and the entry to the North Sea. When more space was needed, the Maasvlakte ('Maas Flats') was created. By means of dikes, dams and sand deposits the coast line was altered to include many square kilometers of newly created land, where the Petroleum Harbors, container terminals, ore terminals and the Maasvlakte power plant are located. An interesting feature is the 'disaster area', a training complex where fire brigades train to cope with large-scale industrial accidents. The complex includes a grounded tanker that is set on fire several times a day.

The name Europoort suggests that Rotterdam wanted to become the gateway to Europe. By 1963 this suggestion had become outdated, because in that year Rotterdam could claim to be the largest port in the world, a record that it still holds. In fact, the Berge Stahl, a 365000 ton ore carrier, is fully dependent on the port of Rotterdam, since this is the only port on the European continent that this ship (with its 23m/75ft draught) can access.
After the flood in 1953 a large project was initiated to prevent such floodings in the future. This project, the 'Delta plan', involved stronger and higher dikes and numerous flood barriers. The latest of those flood barriers to be completed was the storm surge barrier in the Nieuwe Waterweg near Hoek van Holland. Two enormous doors mounted on swing arms can be used to close off the Nieuwe Waterweg, should storm and high water require so in order to protect the country from flooding. Normally the doors are open, so as not to impede the flow of ships through the Nieuwe Waterweg.

Building and development have become a way of life for Rotterdam. The city has continued to grow, and it shows no signs of slowing down. And although this constant increase of population, urbanization and development all breed their own problems, Rotterdam is ready for the next millennium. As the economic heart of the Netherlands, with a population heading towards 600000, it had better be ready.